Antiepileptic drugs: review of safety of use during pregnancy

A study that collects health information from women who take prescription medicines or vaccines when they are pregnant. A birth defect where a baby’s head is smaller than expected when compared with babies of the same sex and age. When an epileptic seizure starts in one side of the brain it’s called a focal onset seizure or a focal seizure; both terns mean the same thing. When person has no loss of awareness of their surroundings during it, it is called a focal onset aware seizure. When the person’s awareness of what is happening around them is affected at any time during the seizure, it’s called a focal impaired awareness seizure. The size of the baby’s head that can be measured during pregnancy and then compared to certain normal curves.

Pervasive developmental disorders

Anyone can become mentally literate, and if you enjoy reading, then the books Use Your Head by Tony Buzan and Accelerated Learning by Colin Rose are excellent starting points. If you prefer to learn by doing, there are many excellent workshops available on memory and learning. Some basic concepts which will help you on your journey are Learning Cycles, Learning Styles, Mind (Brain) States, Learning Rhythms, Multiple Intelligences, Competence Model, Brain Architecture, and Mind Mapping®.

Small for gestational age

The meta-analysis by Veroniki et al (2017a) does not support an increased risk of fetal loss, however, data from some studies in pregnancy registries (Artama et al 2013, Trivedi et al 2018) are suggestive of a trend towards an increased risk of fetal loss in association with oxcarbazepine exposure during pregnancy. However, these studies suffer from some limitations that preclude firm conclusions being reached. Equally there are other prospective studies in pregnancy registries that do not support an increased risk of fetal loss (Bech et al 2014, Vajda et al 2018). Overall, these data are not supportive of a detrimental impact, as all three studies do not support any impact on school performance, nor do they suggest an increased risk of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder or autism spectrum disorder in children in association with oxcarbazepine use during pregnancy. Although the data from the Veroniki et al meta-analysis suggested a significantly increased risk of autism/dyspraxia (OR 13.51 (95% CrI 1.28–221.40)), this cerebrumiq was based on limited data as is reflected in the very wide confidence interval.

Sensory Processing DifficultiesThis is a general term meaning that the challenges a person may face, could be due to how the brain is processing information received from the senses. All the incoming information to the brain comes via the senses, so you really need a bit more information, as all it essentially means is that the difficulties are due to how the brain processes the incoming information from the senses, which is not specific enough to mean much. Challenging Behaviour / Distressed BehaviourThese terms are sometimes used when a person does not meet the criteria for another condition, typically autism, yet has some of the behaviours affecting both the person and possibly others around them. The behaviours can be very similar to autism, and either milder, or without the other behaviours.See also, Autism, above. Hubel and Wiesel carried out an experiment on kittens and adults cats in 1963 which proved that the visual cortex develops during a critical period early in life.

Visual spatial skills help individuals find their orientation in space through taking in information from the world around them and organizing that visual information to create an understanding of meaningful patterns. It is one of a number of cognitive functions that also include perception, attention, memory, motor skills and language. These are population-based registers that collect data from medical records about the prenatal, delivery and neonatal care of pregnant women and their offspring. Such registers support the monitoring of the health of pregnant women and their offspring and are used for research purposes.

Measurements can be taken with an ultrasound (also called a sonogram) that uses sound waves to show a picture of the baby and check on the baby’s health and development. A physical defect present in a baby at birth that can involve many different parts of the body, including the brain, heart, lungs, liver, bones, and intestinal tract. Where people who receive a medicine are also more likely to have a particular risk factor then they may be more likely to develop a medical condition because of this risk factor and not because of the medicine. Comorbidity means more than one disease or condition is present in the same person at the same time. Conditions described as comorbidities are often chronic or long-term conditions. Bipolar disorder is a mental health condition that affects moods and can make them swing from one extreme to another.

• When we are born, our brains contain a load of neurones which begin to form connections (synapses) or are removed, making the brain more organised and allowing our visual system to develop.
• The evidence suggests that if we have this know-how, and use it, our brain does not deteriorate with age and our mental abilities can continually improve.
• Published scientific literature has reported that phenytoin exposure during pregnancy can induce behavioural abnormalities in animal offspring at plasma concentrations relevant to human therapeutic doses.
• Foe this term the word ‘delay’ is arguably not a good choice, because affected people may not necessarily catch up.See Developmental Delay, above.
• When we “have a go” at something new, we step to the edge of our existing frame of reference and we take risks (for example of looking foolish) and we may “fail”.